Revision 2: 8th Grade Review

Revision Vocabulary

Sports & City / Rural Life

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
rural area	kırsal alan	/ˈrʊr.əl ˈeə.ri.ə/	Life in a rural area is quieter.
urban	kentsel, şehirle ilgili	/ˈɜː.bən/	Urban life is fast and busy.
tournament	turnuva	/ˈtʊə.nə.mənt/	We joined a football tournament.
advantage	avantaj	/ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/	One advantage of city life is public transport.
disadvantage	dezavantaj	/ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/	A disadvantage is the pollution.
traffic	trafik	/ˈtræf.ɪk/	There is heavy traffic every morning.
pollution	kirlilik	/pəˈluː.ʃən/	Air pollution is a big problem in cities.

Cooking Styles & Food Cultures

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
cuisine	mutfak (yemek kültürü)	/kwɪˈziːn/	Turkish cuisine is famous worldwide.
to boil	kaynatmak	/bɔɪl/	First, boil the water.
to fry	kızartmak	/fraɪ/	Fry the onions until golden.
to bake	fırında pişirmek	/beɪk/	She likes to bake cakes.
ingredient	malzeme	/ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/	What are the ingredients for this recipe?
recipe	tarif	/ˈres.ɪ.pi/	I found a delicious recipe online.
food festival	yemek festivali	/fuːd ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/	We went to a food festival last month.

Nature & Natural Disasters

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
earthquake	deprem	/ˈɜːrθ.kweɪk/	An earthquake hit the city last year.
flood	sel	/flʌd/	The flood damaged many houses.
wildfire	orman yangını	/ˈwaɪld.faɪər/	Wildfires destroy forests every summer.
endangered	nesli tehlikede	/ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒərd/	Pandas are endangered animals.
to protect	korumak	/prəˈtekt/	We must protect the environment.
habitat	yaşam alanı	/ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/	Forests are the habitat of many animals.
damage	hasar	/ˈdæm.ɪdʒ/	The storm caused a lot of damage.

Future Technology & Transport

Word	Turkish	Pronunciation	Example
self-driving car	sürücüsüz araba	/ˌself.ˈdraɪ.vɪŋ kɑːr/	Self-driving cars will be common in the future.
flying vehicle	uçan araç	/ˈflaɪ.ɪŋ ˈviː.ɪ.kəl/	People dream about flying vehicles.
technology	teknoloji	/tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/	Technology is changing our lives.
invention	icat	/ɪnˈven.ʃən/	The smartphone was a great invention.
robot	robot	/ˈrəʊ.bɒt/	Robots will help people in the future.
to predict	tahmin etmek	/prɪˈdɪkt/	Scientists predict big changes by 2050.
transport	ulaşım	/ˈtræn.spɔːrt/	Public transport will be faster.

Grammar Review

Present Perfect Tense

Structure

Subject + have/has + V3 (past participle)

Subject	Auxiliary	Example
I / You / We / They	have	I have visited three countries.
He / She / It	has	She has never seen snow.

Negative & Questions

Negative

I haven't finished my homework yet.

Henüz ödevimi bitirmedim.

Q: Have you ever been to London?

A: Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.

Key Time Expressions

Word	Usage	Example
ever	questions	Have you ever tried sushi?
never	negative meaning	I have never been to Japan.
already	completed early	She has already eaten.
yet	negative / questions	I haven't done it yet.
just	very recently	He has just arrived.

Phrasal Verbs & Gerunds (-ing as Noun)

Phrasal Verbs

Verb + Particle (up, down, on, off, out, etc.) = new meaning

Phrasal Verb	Meaning	Example
look after	bakmak, ilgilenmek	She looks after her little brother.
give up	vazgeçmek	Don't give up! Keep trying.
turn off	kapatmak	Turn off the lights, please.
find out	öğrenmek, keşfetmek	I want to find out the truth.
put on	giymek	Put on your coat. It's cold.
take off	çıkarmak	Please take off your shoes.

Gerunds (-ing as Noun)

Gerunds: Verb + -ing = Noun

V + -ing used as subject or object of a sentence

Examples

Swimming is good for your health. (subject)

Yüzme sağlık için iyidir.

I enjoy cooking at home. (object)

Evde yemek yapmayı seviyorum.

She is good at painting.

Resim yapmada iyidir.

Conditional 1 & Wish Clauses

First Conditional — Real / Possible Future

If + Subject + V1 (Simple Present), Subject + will + V1

Examples

If it rains, we will stay at home.

Yağmur yağarsa evde kalacağız.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

Çok çalışırsan sınavı geçersin.

She won't come if she is tired.

Yorgunsa gelmeyecek.

Wish Clauses

Wish Clauses — Regrets & Desires

I wish + Subject + V2 (Simple Past) — present wish
I wish + Subject + could + V1 — ability wish

Examples

I wish I had a bigger house.

Keşke daha büyük bir evim olsa.

She wishes she could fly.

Keşke uçabilse.

I wish I didn't have to work today.

Keşke bugün çalışmak zorunda olmasam.

Future — Be Going to & Will

"Be Going to" — Plans & Intentions

Subject + am/is/are going to + V1

Examples

I am going to visit my aunt this weekend.

Bu hafta sonu halam ziyaret edeceğim. (plan)

Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.

Şu bulutlara bak! Yağmur yağacak. (kanıt)

"Will" — Predictions & Decisions

"Will" — Spontaneous Decisions, Predictions & Promises

Subject + will / won't + V1

Examples

I think robots will help us in the future.

Bence robotlar gelecekte bize yardım edecek. (tahmin)

I will help you with your homework.

Ödevinde sana yardım edeceğim. (anlık karar)

I won't forget your birthday. I promise!

Doğum gününü unutmayacağım. Söz veriyorum! (söz)

Quick Comparison

Be Going to	Will
Plans made before speaking	Decisions made at the moment
Evidence-based predictions	Opinion-based predictions
I'm going to study medicine.	I think she will be a good doctor.

Vocabulary Focus

Grammar Focus

Revision Vocabulary