Theme 10: Values and Norms | 11th Grade English

Vocabulary Focus

Values & virtues (hospitable, wisdom, tolerance)
Society & norms (equality, discrimination, justice)
Expressing ideas (furthermore, perspective, controversial)

Grammar Focus

Correlative Conjunctions — both…and, not only…but also
neither…nor and either…or
Pronunciation: /iː/ vs /aɪ/ in neither & either

Unit Vocabulary

Values & Virtues

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
hospitable	adj.	/hɒˈspɪtəbl/	misafirperver	Turkish people are not only hospitable but also very generous.
wisdom	n.	/ˈwɪzdəm/	bilgelik	Nasreddin Hodja is known for his wisdom and humour.
humanity	n.	/hjuːˈmænəti/	insanlık	Good company supports both good morals and humanity.
integrity	n.	/ɪnˈteɡrəti/	dürüstlük, doğruluk	Integrity means being honest even when no one is watching.
tolerance	n.	/ˈtɒlərəns/	hoşgörü	Tolerance is one of the most important values in society.
compassion	n.	/kəmˈpæʃən/	merhamet, şefkat	We should show compassion to all living beings.
humility	n.	/hjuːˈmɪləti/	alçak gönüllülük	Humility is a virtue that makes people truly great.
forgiveness	n.	/fəˈɡɪvnəs/	bağışlama, af	Forgiveness is one of the most important values in our culture.
generosity	n.	/ˌdʒenəˈrɒsəti/	cömertlik	Turkish people are known for their generosity towards guests.
honesty	n.	/ˈɒnəsti/	dürüstlük	Honesty is the best policy in both friendship and business.
respect	n./v.	/rɪˈspekt/	saygı; saygı göstermek	We should show respect to people of all ages and cultures.
responsibility	n.	/rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/	sorumluluk	Taking responsibility for your actions is a core moral value.
value	n.	/ˈvæljuː/	değer	Family values play an important role in Turkish culture.

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
norm	n.	/nɔːm/	norm, toplumsal kural	Social norms differ from culture to culture.
equality	n.	/ɪˈkwɒləti/	eşitlik	Equality is a fundamental right for all people.
discrimination	n.	/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/	ayrımcılık	Discrimination hurts both individuals and societies.
inequality	n.	/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/	eşitsizlik	Neither men nor women deserve inequality.
justice	n.	/ˈdʒʌstɪs/	adalet	Justice is the foundation of a strong society.
violation	n.	/ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən/	ihlal	Violation of human rights must never be tolerated.
commuter	n.	/kəˈmjuːtə/	işe gidip gelen kişi	Commuters in big cities follow certain unwritten social norms.
culture shock	n.	/ˈkʌltʃə ʃɒk/	kültür şoku	She experienced culture shock when she moved to a new country.
custom	n.	/ˈkʌstəm/	gelenek, âdet	Offering tea to guests is a traditional custom in Turkey.
difference	n.	/ˈdɪfrəns/	fark, farklılık	We should respect cultural differences around the world.
etiquette	n.	/ˈetɪket/	görgü kuralları, adab-ı muaşeret	Table etiquette varies from country to country.
impact	n.	/ˈɪmpækt/	etki	Social norms have a big impact on how we behave in public.
liberating	adj.	/ˈlɪbəreɪtɪŋ/	özgürleştirici	Learning about other cultures can be a liberating experience.
opportunity	n.	/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/	fırsat	Everyone deserves equal opportunities in education.

Expressing Ideas

Word	Type	Pronunciation	Meaning	Example
furthermore	adv.	/ˈfɜːðəmɔː/	ayrıca, bunun yanı sıra	Furthermore, good values strengthen communities.
moreover	adv.	/mɔːrˈəʊvə/	üstelik, dahası	Moreover, tolerance helps create a peaceful society.
controversial	adj.	/ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/	tartışmalı	This is a controversial topic in many cultures.
perspective	n.	/pəˈspektɪv/	bakış açısı	We should consider different perspectives.
philosopher	n.	/fɪˈlɒsəfə/	filozof	Nasreddin Hodja is a great humorist and a great philosopher.
slogan	n.	/ˈsləʊɡən/	slogan	They wrote slogans about moral values on the poster.

Grammar

Correlative Conjunctions — both…and, not only…but also

Four Correlative Pairs

Conjunction	Meaning	Example
both…and	hem…hem de	Turkish people are both hospitable and generous.
not only…but also	sadece…değil, aynı zamanda	He is not only a humorist but also a philosopher.
neither…nor	ne…ne de	Neither men nor women deserve inequality.
either…or	ya…ya da	Either seem as you are, or be as you seem.

Subject-Verb Agreement

With neither…nor and either…or, the verb agrees with the nearest subject.

Examples

Neither the teacher nor the students were late.

Neither the students nor the teacher was late.

Either you or he is responsible.

Fiil, kendisine en yakın özneye uyum sağlar.

“both…and” always takes a plural verb.

Both Ali and Ayse are kind. Both Ali and Ayse is kind.

Pronunciation: /iː/ vs /aɪ/ in Neither & Either

Two Accepted Pronunciations

Word	British English	American English
neither	/ˈnaɪðə/	/ˈniːðə/
either	/ˈaɪðə/	/ˈiːðə/

Key Point

Both pronunciations are correct! British speakers tend to say /aɪ/, American speakers tend to say /iː/.

Her iki telaffuz da doğrudur! İngiliz İngilizcesi /aɪ/, Amerikan İngilizcesi /iː/ kullanır.

Other Words with /iː/ vs /aɪ/ Variation

Word	/aɪ/ Sound	/iː/ Sound
live (adj.)	/laɪv/ (canlı)	/lɪv/ (yaşamak)
read	/red/ (okudu)	/riːd/ (okumak)

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